From a power station or gas field to your energy bill. Understand the generators, networks, markets and retailers behind Australian electricity and gas.
Select a jurisdiction to explore its networks and representative businesses.
How energy and contracts connect
Electricity flowGas flowTrading / billing
Click a role to see companies, asset examples and sources. Solid arrows show simplified physical flow; dashed lines show commercial relationships. The schematic does not assert asset-level connections, supply contracts or a dedicated route to your premises.
Generation assets behind the names
Selected station and renewable-project examples for the chosen jurisdiction. Ownership, operation and contractual supply are separate relationships; no live availability is implied.
The National Electricity Market connects Queensland, NSW, ACT, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. Its five price regions are QLD1, NSW1, VIC1, SA1 and TAS1; ACT is part of NSW1. Interconnectors enable electricity to move between regions, within network limits.
AEMO operates the market and power system. A market is the trading and settlement framework; a grid is the physical network. They are related, but not interchangeable.
WA's Wholesale Electricity Market operates on the South West Interconnected System (SWIS). Western Power operates that network; Synergy has generation and retail roles. Horizon Power serves regional areas outside the SWIS, with additional private networks in some areas.
NT has separate Darwin–Katherine, Alice Springs and Tennant Creek systems, as well as remote networks. Neither WA nor NT is connected to the NEM. Their wholesale arrangements and retail choices differ from the east coast.
Natural gas is produced and processed, transported through high-pressure transmission pipelines, and delivered through local distribution networks or directly to major users. Most wholesale gas is sold under bilateral arrangements.
AEMO also operates Victoria's DWGM, STTM hubs in Sydney, Brisbane and Adelaide, and GSH trading at Wallumbilla and Moomba. These hubs do not define every gas supply route. WA has separate gas arrangements and a WA Gas Bulletin Board.
AEMO: operates relevant markets and power systems. AEMC: develops national energy market rules. AER: monitors compliance and regulates relevant network and retail activities.
Responsibilities differ by jurisdiction. Victoria has its own retail regulator, the Essential Services Commission. WA and NT also have jurisdiction-specific institutions and arrangements; the national bodies are not universal substitutes for them.
A generating business and a power station are different entities. A company may own an asset, operate it for a joint venture, develop a project and later sell it, or purchase its output through a contract. These relationships should not be collapsed into one ownership label.
A gentailer combines generation and retail activities. A retail contract does not identify a dedicated physical route from one of that group's stations to your house.
Transmission carries bulk electricity at high voltage. Distribution delivers it locally. A retailer arranges the customer's energy contract, bills and customer service; electricity does not physically flow through the retailer's office.
Your network depends mainly on where the premises connects. Changing retailer normally leaves that physical network in place. Large customers can be directly transmission-connected; not every supply path goes through distribution.
A utility-scale solar farm is a generating asset. A rooftop installation generates behind the customer's meter, can serve onsite demand, and can export surplus into the local distribution network where permitted.
A developer, installer, equipment manufacturer, asset owner and energy retailer have different responsibilities. This guide introduces those roles; it does not rank installation businesses or imply that a solar developer manufactures panels.
Batteries shift energy through time rather than provide a primary fuel source. Pumped hydro also stores energy, using electricity to pump water uphill before later generation.
Retailers buy energy and manage price exposure through wholesale markets and contracts. They combine energy costs with network charges, other obligations, operating costs and margin in their customer offers.
A monthly average spot price therefore does not describe a specific retailer's cost, a home's bill, a PPA price or the value captured by a particular wind or solar project. The timing of generation and consumption matters.
Representative examples chosen to explain different roles and jurisdictions. This is not an exhaustive participant register, a market-share ranking or a recommendation. Expand a state or territory, then a company to read its profile and sources. Businesses may appear under several jurisdictions; entries describe selected examples, not their complete business footprint.
Australian Capital Territory 8 examples
ActewAGL · electricity retail / gas retail
Electricity and gas retail brand for the Canberra region and nearby NSW centres; Evoenergy handles the main ACT distribution networks.
Selected jurisdictions: ACT, NSW. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Origin Energy · generation / gas production / electricity retail / gas retail
Combines energy retailing, generation and an upstream operating role for the APLNG gas joint venture. A gas joint venture is distinct from its retail business.
Selected jurisdictions: NSW, VIC, SA, QLD, ACT. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Alinta Energy · generation / electricity retail / gas retail
Generation example: Loy Yang B in Victoria. Retail contract jurisdictions include NSW, Queensland, Victoria and SA; it is also listed as a WA gas retailer. This selection does not describe its entire portfolio.
Selected jurisdictions: VIC, WA, NSW, QLD, SA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Gas distribution in parts of southern Brisbane, the Gold Coast, Toowoomba/Oakey and northern NSW. Ownership changed to Stonepeak and operations to AGIG in March 2026.
Selected jurisdictions: QLD, NSW. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Renewable developer and asset business spanning solar, wind and batteries. Generation and battery storage are distinct technologies; portfolio examples can include projects under construction.
Selected jurisdictions: QLD, NSW, VIC, SA, WA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Origin Energy · generation / gas production / electricity retail / gas retail
Combines energy retailing, generation and an upstream operating role for the APLNG gas joint venture. A gas joint venture is distinct from its retail business.
Selected jurisdictions: NSW, VIC, SA, QLD, ACT. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Hydro and peaking generation business. Its retail brands include Red Energy and Lumo Energy; a contracted renewable project is not automatically owned by Snowy Hydro.
Selected jurisdictions: NSW, VIC, SA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Alinta Energy · generation / electricity retail / gas retail
Generation example: Loy Yang B in Victoria. Retail contract jurisdictions include NSW, Queensland, Victoria and SA; it is also listed as a WA gas retailer. This selection does not describe its entire portfolio.
Selected jurisdictions: VIC, WA, NSW, QLD, SA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Gas distribution in parts of southern Brisbane, the Gold Coast, Toowoomba/Oakey and northern NSW. Ownership changed to Stonepeak and operations to AGIG in March 2026.
Selected jurisdictions: QLD, NSW. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Renewable developer and asset business spanning solar, wind and batteries. Generation and battery storage are distinct technologies; portfolio examples can include projects under construction.
Selected jurisdictions: QLD, NSW, VIC, SA, WA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Origin Energy · generation / gas production / electricity retail / gas retail
Combines energy retailing, generation and an upstream operating role for the APLNG gas joint venture. A gas joint venture is distinct from its retail business.
Selected jurisdictions: NSW, VIC, SA, QLD, ACT. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Alinta Energy · generation / electricity retail / gas retail
Generation example: Loy Yang B in Victoria. Retail contract jurisdictions include NSW, Queensland, Victoria and SA; it is also listed as a WA gas retailer. This selection does not describe its entire portfolio.
Selected jurisdictions: VIC, WA, NSW, QLD, SA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Renewable developer and asset business spanning solar, wind and batteries. Generation and battery storage are distinct technologies; portfolio examples can include projects under construction.
Selected jurisdictions: QLD, NSW, VIC, SA, WA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Origin Energy · generation / gas production / electricity retail / gas retail
Combines energy retailing, generation and an upstream operating role for the APLNG gas joint venture. A gas joint venture is distinct from its retail business.
Selected jurisdictions: NSW, VIC, SA, QLD, ACT. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Hydro and peaking generation business. Its retail brands include Red Energy and Lumo Energy; a contracted renewable project is not automatically owned by Snowy Hydro.
Selected jurisdictions: NSW, VIC, SA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Solstice Energy Retail · electricity retail / gas retail
Retail business within the Solstice Energy group, whose other businesses include Tas Gas Networks. Tasmania and regional Victoria are selected examples.
Selected jurisdictions: TAS, VIC. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Alinta Energy · generation / electricity retail / gas retail
Generation example: Loy Yang B in Victoria. Retail contract jurisdictions include NSW, Queensland, Victoria and SA; it is also listed as a WA gas retailer. This selection does not describe its entire portfolio.
Selected jurisdictions: VIC, WA, NSW, QLD, SA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
AusNet · transmission / distribution / gas distribution
Owns and operates most of Victoria's shared transmission network and also has electricity and gas distribution businesses. VicGrid manages important planning and connection responsibilities.
Selected jurisdictions: VIC. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Renewable developer and asset business spanning solar, wind and batteries. Generation and battery storage are distinct technologies; portfolio examples can include projects under construction.
Selected jurisdictions: QLD, NSW, VIC, SA, WA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Origin Energy · generation / gas production / electricity retail / gas retail
Combines energy retailing, generation and an upstream operating role for the APLNG gas joint venture. A gas joint venture is distinct from its retail business.
Selected jurisdictions: NSW, VIC, SA, QLD, ACT. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Hydro and peaking generation business. Its retail brands include Red Energy and Lumo Energy; a contracted renewable project is not automatically owned by Snowy Hydro.
Selected jurisdictions: NSW, VIC, SA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Solstice Energy Retail · electricity retail / gas retail
Retail business within the Solstice Energy group, whose other businesses include Tas Gas Networks. Tasmania and regional Victoria are selected examples.
Selected jurisdictions: TAS, VIC. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Plans renewable energy zones and manages the Victorian shared-network connection process. It assumed some former AEMO responsibilities on 1 November 2025; AusNet remains a major physical asset operator.
Selected jurisdictions: VIC. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Alinta Energy · generation / electricity retail / gas retail
Generation example: Loy Yang B in Victoria. Retail contract jurisdictions include NSW, Queensland, Victoria and SA; it is also listed as a WA gas retailer. This selection does not describe its entire portfolio.
Selected jurisdictions: VIC, WA, NSW, QLD, SA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Gas distribution network in Perth and selected WA regional centres; also supplies LPG distribution in Albany. Natural gas and LPG are different supply arrangements.
Selected jurisdictions: WA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Renewable developer and asset business spanning solar, wind and batteries. Generation and battery storage are distinct technologies; portfolio examples can include projects under construction.
Selected jurisdictions: QLD, NSW, VIC, SA, WA. These describe retained examples, not a complete business footprint.
Editorial examples, not a complete participant register or market-share ranking. State flags describe the examples retained here, not full business footprints or current retail offers. Asset examples are not live availability records. Schematics show role relationships, not verified asset-level topology or undisclosed supply contracts. Sources may have different publication dates and can change after review. Retail authorisation, reported participation and an offer available at your postcode are different things.
